Arabic shares this linguistic feature with other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, which has seven different verb forms. The basic rule of derivation in Quranic Arabic is that nearly all words are derived from a three root (triliteral) or a four root (quadriliteral) pattern system. Download a complete list of common English Irregular Verbs in PDF. Improve your English by learning and memorizing common English irregular verbs. But my kindly request please post 1000 irregular verbs in pdf form.It will helpful for english learner. December 24, 2017 at 3:56 pm Reply. Its very helpful for my education.
Arabic verbs (فِعْلfiʿl; pl.أَفْعَالafʿāl), like the verbs in other Semitic languages, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of two, three, four and also five (but mainly three) consonants called a root (triliteral or quadriliteral according to the number of consonants). The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. كتبk-t-b 'write', قرءq-r-ʾ 'read', أكلʾ-k-l 'eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as person, gender, number, tense, mood, and voice.
Various categories are marked on verbs:
Weakness is an inherent property of a given verb determined by the particular consonants of the verb root (corresponding to a verb conjugation in Classical Latin and other European languages), with five main types of weakness and two or three subtypes of each type.
Arabic grammarians typically use the root فعلf-ʿ-l to indicate the particular shape of any given element of a verbal paradigm. As an example, the form يتكاتبyutakātabu 'he is corresponded (with)' would be listed generically as يتفاعلyutafāʿalu, specifying the generic shape of a strong Form VI passive verb, third-person masculine singular present indicative.
The maximum possible total number of verb forms derivable from a root — not counting participles and verbal nouns — is approximately 13 person/number/gender forms; times 9 tense/mood combinations, counting the sa- future (since the moods are active only in the present tense, and the imperative has only 5 of the 13 paradigmatic forms); times 17 form/voice combinations (since forms IX, XI–XV exist only for a small number of stative roots, and form VII cannot normally form a passive), for a total of 1,989. Each of these has its own stem form, and each of these stem forms itself comes in numerous varieties, according to the weakness (or lack thereof) of the underlying root.
Inflectional categories[edit]
Each particular lexical verb is specified by four stems, two each for the active and passive voices. In a particular voice, one stem (the past stem) is used for the past tense, and the other (the non-past stem) is used for the present and future tenses, along with non-indicative moods, e.g. subjunctive and imperative. The past and non-past stems are sometimes also called the perfective stem and imperfective stem, respectively, based on a traditional misinterpretation of Arabic stems as representing grammatical aspect rather than grammatical tense. (Although there is still some disagreement about the interpretation of the stems as tense or aspect, the dominant current view is that the stems simply represent tense, sometimes of a relative rather than absolute nature. There are some unusual usages of the stems in certain contexts that were once interpreted as indicating aspectual distinctions, but are now thought to simply be idiosyncratic constructions that do not neatly fit into any aspectual paradigm.)[citation needed]
To the past stem, suffixes are added to mark the verb for person, number and gender, while to the non-past stem, a combination of prefixes and suffixes are added. (Very approximately, the prefixes specify the person and the suffixes indicate number and gender.) A total of 13 forms exist for each of the two stems, specifying person (first, second or third); number (singular, dual or plural); and gender (masculine or feminine).
There are six separate moods in the non-past: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, jussive, short energetic and long energetic. The moods are generally marked by suffixes. When no number suffix is present, the endings are -u for indicative, -a for subjunctive, no ending for imperative and jussive, ـَنْ-an for shorter energetic, ـَنَّ-anna for longer energetic. When number suffixes are present, the moods are either distinguished by different forms of the suffixes (e.g. ـُونَ-ūna for masculine plural indicative vs. ـُو-ū for masculine plural subjunctive/imperative/jussive), or not distinguished at all. The imperative exists only in the second person and is distinguished from the jussive by the lack of the normal second-person prefix ـتta-/tu-.
The third person masculine singular past tense form serves as the 'dictionary form' used to identify a verb, similar to the infinitive in English. (Arabic has no infinitive.) For example, the verb meaning 'write' is often specified as كَتَبَkataba, which actually means 'he wrote'. This indicates that the past-tense stem is كَتَبْـkatab-; the corresponding non-past stem is ـكْتُبْـ-ktub-, as in يَكْتُبُyaktubu 'he writes'.
Tense[edit]
There are three tenses in Arabic: the past tense (اَلْمَاضِيal-māḍī), the present tense (اَلْمُضَارِعal-muḍāriʿ) and the future tense. The future tense in Classical Arabic is formed by adding either the prefix سَـ sa- or the separate word سَوْفَ sawfa onto the beginning of the present tense verb, e.g. سَيَكْتُبُsa-yaktubu or سَوْفَ يَكْتُبُsawfa yaktubu 'he will write'.
In some contexts, the tenses represent aspectual distinctions rather than tense distinctions. The usage of Arabic tenses is as follows:
Excuse me song download. In all but Form I, there is only one possible shape for each of the past and non-past stems for a given root. In Form I, however, different verbs have different shapes. Examples:
Notice that the second vowel can be any of a i u in both past and non-past stems. The vowel a occurs in most past stems, while i occurs in some (especially intransitive) and u occurs only in a few stative verbs (i.e. whose meaning is 'be X' or 'become X' where X is an adjective). The most common patterns are:
Mood[edit]
There are three moods (حَالَاتḥālāt, a word that also means 'cases'; sg. حَالَة ḥālah), whose forms are derived from the imperfective stem: the indicative mood (مَرْفُوع marfūʿ), usually ending in u; the subjunctive (مَنْصُوب manṣūb), usually ending in a; and the jussive (مَجْزُوم majzūm), with no ending. In less formal Arabic and in spoken dialects, the final vowels of the indicative and subjunctive are not pronounced, making them identical to jussive.
The imperative (صِيغَة اَلْأَمْرṣīghat al-amr) (positive, only 2nd person) is formed by dropping the verbal prefix from the imperfective jussive stem, e.g. قَدِّمqaddim 'present!'. If the result starts with two consonants followed by a vowel (a or i), an elidible alif is added to the beginning of the word, usually pronounced as 'i', e.g. اِغْسِلْighsil 'wash!' or اِفْعَلifʿal 'do!' if the present form vowel is u, then the alif is also pronounced as u, e.g. أُكْتُبuktub 'write!'. Negative imperatives are formed from the jussive.
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The exception to the above rule is the form (or stem) IV verbs. In these verbs a non-elidible alif pronounced as a- is always prefixed to the imperfect jussive form, e.g. أرسلarsil 'send!', أضف[1]aḍif 'add!'.
The subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses after certain conjunctions. The jussive is used in negation, in negative imperatives, and in the hortative li+jussive. For example: 2. sg. m.:
Voice[edit]
Arabic has two verbal voices (صِيغَاتsīghāt 'forms', sg.صِيغَةsīghah), active (صِيغَة اَلْمَعْلُومṣīghat al-maʿlūm), and passive (صِيغَة اَلْمَجْهُولṣīghat al-majhūl). The passive voice is expressed by a change in vocalization. For example:
Thus, the active and passive forms are spelled identically in Arabic; only their vowel markings differ.
Participle[edit]
Every verb has a corresponding active participle, and most have passive participles. E.g. معلمmuʿallim 'teacher' is the active participle to stem II. of the root علمʿ-l-m ('know').
Verbal noun (maṣdar) [edit]
In addition to a participle, there is a verbal noun (in Arabic, مَصْدَرmaṣdar, pl.مَصَادِرmaṣādir, literally meaning 'source'), sometimes called a gerund, which is similar to English gerunds and verb-derived nouns of various sorts (e.g. 'running' and 'a run' from 'to run'; 'objection' from 'to object'). As shown by the English examples, its meaning refers both to the act of doing something and (by frequent semantic extension) to its result. One of its syntactic functions is as a verbal complement of another verb, and this usage it corresponds to the English gerund or infinitive (He prevented me from running or He began to run).
Some well-known examples of verbal nouns are فتحfatḥ (see Fatah) (Form I), تنظيمtanẓīm (Form II), جهادjihād (Form III), إسلامislām (Form IV), انتفاضةintifāḍah (feminine of Form VIII verbal noun), and استقلالistiqlāl (Form X).
Derivational categories, conjugations[edit]
The system of verb conjugations in Arabic is quite complicated, and is formed along two axes. One axis, known as the form (described as 'Form I', 'Form II', etc.), is used to specify grammatical concepts such as causative, intensive, reciprocal, passive or reflexive, and involves varying the stem form. The other axis, known as the weakness, is determined by the particular consonants making up the root. For example, defective (or third-weak) verbs have a وw or يy as the last root consonant (e.g. رميr-m-y 'throw', دعوd-ʿ-w 'call'), and doubled verbs have the second and third consonants the same (e.g. مددm-d-d 'extend'). These 'weaknesses' have the effect of inducing various irregularities in the stems and endings of the associated verbs.
Examples of the different forms of a sound verb (i.e. with no root weaknesses), from the root كتبk-t-b 'write' (using حمرḥ-m-r 'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects):
The main types of weakness are as follows:
Conjugation[edit]Regular verb conjugation for person-number, tense-aspect-mood, and participles[edit]
In Arabic the grammatical person and number as well as the mood are designated by a variety of prefixes and suffixes. The following table shows the paradigm of a regular sound Form I verb, kataba (كتب) 'to write'. Most of the final short vowels are often omitted in speech, except the vowel of the feminine plural ending -na, and normally the vowel of the past tense second person feminine singular ending -ti.
The initial vowel in the imperative (which is elidable) varies from verb to verb, as follows:
In unvocalised Arabic, katabtu, katabta, katabti and katabat are all written the same: كتبت. Forms katabtu and katabta (and sometimes even katabti) can be abbreviated to katabt in spoken Arabic and in pausa, making them also sound the same.
ا (alif) in final ـُوا (-ū) is silent.
Weak roots[edit]![]()
Roots containing one or two of the radicals و w (wāw), ي y (yāʾ ) or ء ʾ (hamzah) often lead to verbs with special phonological rules because these radicals can be influenced by their surroundings. Such verbs are called 'weak' (verba infirma, 'weak verbs') and their paradigms must be given special attention. In the case of hamzah, these peculiarities are mainly orthographical, since hamzah is not subject to elision (the orthography of ء hamzah and ا alif is unsystematic due to confusion in early Islamic times). According to the position of the weak radical in the root, the root can be classified into four classes: first weak, second weak, third weak and doubled, where both the second and third radicals are identical. Some roots fall into more than one category at once.
Assimilated (first-weak) roots[edit]
Most first-weak verbs have a و w as their first radical. These verbs are entirely regular in the past tense. In the non-past, the w drops out, leading to a shorter stem (e.g. (وجد (يجد wajada (yajidu) 'to find'), where the stem is ـجدـ -jid- in place of a longer stem like ـجلدـ -jlid- from the verb (جلد (يجلد jalada (yajlidu) 'to whip, flog'. This same stem is used throughout, and there are no other irregularities except for the imperative, which has no initial vowel, consistent with the fact that the stem for the imperative begins with only one consonant.
There are various types of assimilated (first-weak) Form I verbs:
Hollow (second-weak) roots[edit]
The following shows a paradigm of a typical Form I hollow (second-weak) verb (قال (قلت، يقول qāla (qultu, yaqūlu) 'to say', parallel to verbs of the (فعل (يفعل faʿala (yafʿulu) type. See notes following the table for explanation.
All hollow (second-weak) verbs are conjugated in a parallel fashion. The endings are identical to strong verbs, but there are two stems (a longer and a shorter) in each of the past and non-past. The longer stem is consistently used whenever the ending begins with a vowel, and the shorter stem is used in all other circumstances. The longer stems end in a long vowel plus consonant, while the shorter stems end in a short vowel plus consonant. The shorter stem is formed simply by shortening the vowel of the long stem in all paradigms other than the active past of Form I verbs. In the active past paradigms of Form I, however, the longer stem always has an ā vowel, while the shorter stem has a vowel u or i corresponding to the actual second root consonant of the verb.
No initial vowel is needed in the imperative forms because the non-past stem does not begin with two consonants.
There are various types of Form I hollow verbs:
The passive paradigm of all Form I hollow verbs is as follows:
Defective (third-weak) roots[edit]فعى يفعي faʿā (yafʿī)[edit]
The following shows a paradigm of a typical Form I defective (third-weak) verb (رمى (يرمي ramā (yarmī) 'to throw', parallel to verbs of the (فعل (يفعل faʿala (yafʿilu) type. See notes following the table for explanation.
Each of the two main stems (past and non-past) comes in two variants, a full and a shortened. For the past stem, the full is رميـ ramay-, shortened to رمـ ram- in much of the third person (i.e. before vowels, in most cases). For the non-past stem, the full is rmiy-, shortened to rm- before -ū -ī. The full non-past stem ـرميـ rmiy- appears as ـرميـ rmī- when not before a vowel; this is an automatic alternation in Classical Arabic. The places where the shortened stems occur are indicated by silver (past), gold (non-past).
The endings are actually mostly regular. But some endings are irregular, in boldface:
(فعا (يفعو faʿā (yafʿū)[edit]
The following shows a paradigm of a typical Form I defective (third-weak) verb (دعا (يدعو daʿā (yadʿū) 'to call', parallel to verbs of the (فعل (يفعل faʿala (yafʿulu) type. Verbs of this sort are entirely parallel to verbs of the (فعا (يفعي faʿā (yafʿī) type, although the exact forms can still be tricky. See notes following the table for explanation.
Verbs of this sort are work nearly identically to verbs of the (فعى (يفعي faʿā (yafʿī) type. There are the same irregular endings in the same places, and again two stems in each of the past and non-past tenses, with the same stems used in the same places:
The Arabic spelling has the following rules:
فعي يفعى faʿiya (yafʿā)[edit]
The following shows a paradigm of a typical Form I defective (third-weak) verb nasiya (yansā) 'to forget', parallel to verbs of the (فعل (يفعل faʿila (yafʿalu) type. These verbs differ in a number of significant respects from either of the above types.
This variant is somewhat different from the variants with ـِي -ī or ـُو -ū in the non-past. As with other third-weak verbs, there are multiple stems in each of the past and non-past, a full stem composed following the normal rules and one or more shortened stems.
The endings are actually mostly regular. But some endings are irregular in the non-past, in boldface:
Doubled roots[edit]
The following shows a paradigm of a typical Form I doubled verb (مد (يمد madda (yamuddu) 'to extend', parallel to verbs of the (فعل (يفعل faʿala (yafʿulu) type. See notes following the table for explanation.
All doubled verbs are conjugated in a parallel fashion. The endings are for the most part identical to those of strong verbs, but there are two stems (a regular and a modified) in each of the past and non-past. The regular stems are identical to the stem forms of sound verbs, while the modified stems have the two identical consonants pulled together into a geminate consonant and the vowel between moved before the geminate. In the above verb (مد (يمد madda (yamuddu) 'to extend' (s.th.), the past stems are مددـ madad- (regular), مدـ madd- (modified), and the non-past stems are مددـ mdud- (regular), مدـ mudd- (modified). In the table, places where the regular past stem occurs are in silver, and places where the regular non-past stem occurs are in gold; everywhere else, the modified stem occurs.
No initial vowel is needed in most of the imperative forms because the modified non-past stem does not begin with two consonants.
The concept of having two stems for each tense, one for endings beginning with vowels and one for other endings, occurs throughout the different kinds of weaknesses.
Following the above rules, endingless jussives would have a form like تمدد tamdud, while the corresponding indicatives and subjunctives would have forms like تمد tamuddu, تمد tamudda. As a result, for the doubled verbs in particular, there is a tendency to harmonize these forms by adding a vowel to the jussives, usually a, sometimes i. These are the only irregular endings in these paradigms, and have been indicated in boldface. The masculine singular imperative likewise has multiple forms, based on the multiple forms of the jussive.
The are various types of doubled Form I verbs:
Formation of derived stems ('forms')[edit]
Arabic verb morphology includes augmentations of the root, also known as forms, an example of the derived stems found among the Semitic languages. For a typical verb based on a triliteral root (i.e. a root formed using three root consonants), the basic form is termed Form I, while the augmented forms are known as Form II, Form III, etc. The forms in normal use are Form I through Form X; Forms XI through XV exist but are rare and obsolescent. Forms IX and XI are used only with adjectival roots referring to colors and physical defects (e.g. 'red', 'blue', 'blind', 'deaf', etc.), and are stative verbs having the meaning of 'be X' or 'become X' (e.g. Form IX iḥmarra 'be red, become red, blush', Form XI iḥmārra with the same meaning). Although the structure that a given root assumes in a particular augmentation is predictable, its meaning is not (although many augmentations have one or more 'usual' or prototypical meanings associated with them), and not all augmentations exist for any given root. As a result, these augmentations are part of the system of derivational morphology, not part of the inflectional system.
The construction of a given augmentation is normally indicated using the dummy root f–ʿ–l (ف–ع–ل), based on the verb faʿala 'to do'. Because Arabic has no direct equivalent to the infinitive form of Western languages, the third-person masculine singular past tense is normally used as the dictionary form of a give
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